Online Localization of Bag Damage in a Desulfurization Island Using Coded Pulse-Jet Responses

To address ambiguity between chamber order and transport delay at a common outlet of multiple bag chambers, a method combining coded pulse-jet excitation under an unchanged action budget with graded confirmation is proposed. A conservation-based reduced-order model is used to compare bounded-delay and fixed-delay matching using identical observations. In paired trajectories, the maximum candidate overlap decreased from 0.913 to 0.327, and all fault candidates were correctly identified after coding. In 64 additional trajectories with independent noise and varying conditions, the coded method achieved over 90% accuracy in the small-leak cases across the three conditions. The method supports chamber-level troubleshooting and helps confirm the location of bag damage in desulfurization islands.