Bi-level Optimal Configuration of Wind-Solar-Hydrogen Storage Systems for Local Renewable Energy Consumption

Driven by the "dual-carbon" strategy, the integration of a high proportion of distributed renewable energy into the distribution network poses significant challenges to system power balance and voltage quality due to its randomness and volatility. To enhance the local consumption capacity of renewable energy and improve grid operation, this paper proposes a bi-level optimal configuration method for a wind-solar-hydrogen-battery synergistic system. The outer-layer model aims to minimize the comprehensive life-cycle investment cost by optimizing the capacities of wind/solar generation and hybrid energy storage using the Improved White Shark Optimizer (IWSO). Incorporating the concept of distribution network clustering, the inner-layer model minimizes the comprehensive operational cost—including network loss, voltage deviation, and peak-valley difference by determining the optimal scheduling strategy using mathematical solvers. Simulation results based on the IEEE 33-bus system demonstrate that compared to single electrical or hydrogen storage configurations, the proposed scheme with hybrid storage and IWSO achieves the lowest total cost (5.89 million yuan), representing a 27.77% reduction in investment costs. Furthermore, the bi-level strategy effectively curbs voltage limit violations caused by disordered power flows, stabilizing the voltage of all nodes within the safe range of 0.978 to 1.021 p.u., and compressing the variance of voltage fluctuation by 74.2%. The findings not only achieve the optimal techno-economic configuration of hybrid energy storage but also significantly enhance the safety and stability of the distribution network.