A Review of Fire Suppression Technologies for Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems

Fire suppression for lithium-ion battery energy storage systems is a core technical bottleneck in ensuring the safe operation of the industry. This paper focuses on fire suppression technologies for energy storage systems. After briefly discussing the gas generation and combustion/explosion characteristics of thermal runaway in lithium-ion battery fires, it provides a systematic review of the fire-extinguishing efficacy, cooling capacity, and engineering applicability of various fire-suppression media, including gaseous extinguishing agents (heptafluoropropane, perfluorohexanone), water-based extinguishing agents (fine water mist and additive-containing fine water mist), and liquid nitrogen, in terms of their fire-extinguishing efficacy, cooling capacity, and engineering applicability, and conducts a comparative analysis of the key performance indicators of various extinguishing agents; it also delves into the combined fire suppression strategy of “perfluorohexanone fire suppression + fine water mist for sustained cooling,” multi-stage fire suppression release architectures, and multi-sensor fusion early warning technologies; Finally, the paper summarizes the core challenges currently facing fire suppression technologies and outlines future trends, providing a reference for research and engineering practice in the field of energy storage fire protection.