Abstract: The thermal management of lithium-ion batteries in photovoltaic power generation systems is of paramount importance for ensuring system efficiency, battery lifespan, and operational safety. Liquid cooling and air cooling systems, as the primary approaches, cater to high-power and low-power scenarios through efficient heat dissipation and low-cost maintenance, respectively. Thermal interface materials reduce the interfacial thermal resistance to below 0.1 K·cm2/W, while thermal greases, thermal pads, and phase change materials collaboratively enhance heat dissipation efficiency. The intelligent system integrates sensors and predictive algorithms to dynamically adjust cooling power, achieving a temperature rise ≤5°C and 15% energy consumption reduction. The combination of active liquid cooling and passive phase change materials extends battery life, reducing the maximum battery temperature by 35.74°C and controlling the temperature difference within 3.55°C compared to single cooling methods. Studies have shown that comprehensive optimized design significantly enhances the stability and economic viability of photovoltaic energy storage systems, making it applicable to both distributed and centralized scenarios.