Abstract: This article conducts an in-depth study on the fire hazards in building electrical design, analyzing key issues such as the design of fire-resistant cables, optimization of low-voltage switch electrical design, and emergency lighting system design. This article discusses in detail the common problems of electrical circuit aging, overload, short circuit, and the risk of fire caused by building electrical safety hazards. This article proposes measures to improve the reliability of electrical equipment, optimize the design of emergency lighting systems, and enhance system reliability and emergency response capabilities for the design optimization of building electrical systems.