Abstract: With the deep advancement of energy structure transformation and smart grid construction, microgrids have emerged as crucial carriers for the efficient utilization of distributed energy, thereby attracting significant attention from both academia and industry regarding their optimal dispatch problems. This study is based on an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm, constructing a multi-objective microgrid dispatch model that considers both economic costs and environmental benefits. Through the MATLAB platform, the model achieves collaborative optimization of a microgrid system that includes wind power, photovoltaic, diesel generators, energy storage systems, and interactions with the main grid. The research results demonstrate that the proposed optimization method can effectively balance the economic and environmental aspects of system operation, providing a reliable technical approach for intelligent microgrid dispatch.